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Damaged hepatocytes may release massive amounts of cell contents, such as nuclear DNA fragments, mitochondrial DNA, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and ATP
They are the result of 64 years of pharmaceutical expertise applied to a problem that the supplement industry has largely ignored
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1718803 Received 04 October 2025 Revised 07 November 2025 Accepted 10 November 2025 Published 26 November 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy Reviewed by Muhammad Saboor, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Ferruh Artunc, University of Tbingen, Germany Updates Copyright 2025 Deng, Gong, Huang, Zhou and Ren